Foti F, Minneci G, Calì G. New Important Step in Prenatal Evaluation of Abnormally Invasive Placenta: A Study of Bladder, Uterus, and Vagina Vascularization. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2017;11(2):89-90.

Maeda K. History of Medical Ultrasound. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2017;11(2):91-100.

Kalache KD, Gothey F, Kamil D. Obstetric Ultrasound for Diabetes-related Congenital Anomalies. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2017;11(2):101-106.

Khurana A. Placenta and Transvaginal Sonography. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2017;11(2):107-114.

The benefi ts and uses of ultrasound (US) are well documented for procedural and diagnostic purposes. A number of studies have evaluated the utility of simulation-based US training in achieving competency and improving safety. To the best of our knowledge, no previous studies have attempted to synthesize the effectiveness of US simulation in Obstetrics and Gynecology (OB GYN) education using a systematic method. This review article summarizes the effect of US simulation on learning outcomes in OB GYN with three objectives: (1) To review and summarize the available evidence on the effectiveness of US simulation in OB GYN; (2) determine the validity and usefulness of US simulation in OB GYN training; and (3) describe advantages and disadvantages of various US simulators available in OB GYN as of 2016.

We performed a literature search using different search engines, such as Medline PubMed and EMBACE using appropriate keywords. The data were extracted from all published eligible studies. A meta-analysis was conducted in order to obtain a pooled estimate of effect of US simulation in OB GYN education based on the availability of data on common outcomes.

The majority of the included studies supported the usefulness or validity of simulation training in OB GYN for the enhancement of US skills. The US simulation signifi cantly improved the skills necessary to measure crown-rump length and nuchal translucency accurately.

Despite the cost, integration of US simulators in medical education appears to have a positive impact on the scanning and interpretation skills of trainees. This study may assist in preparing a dedicated curriculum for OB GYN US education via the inclusion of US simulation.

Arya S, Dwivedi A, Mulla ZD, Kupesic Plavsic S. Effectiveness of Ultrasound Simulation in Obstetrics and Gynecology Education: A State-of-the-Art Review. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2017;11(2):115-125.

Ahluwalia VV, Saharan PS, Chauhan A. Clinicoradiological Approach to Sonomammographic Spectrum of Breast Disorders. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2017;11(2):126-134.

To perform an external validation of Gynecological Imaging and Reporting Data System (GI-RADS) and to assess how referring clinicians value this reporting system in their daily practice.

Prospective observational study comprising 257 women (mean age 40.3 years) and 281 adnexal masses, referred by 20 clinicians to an ultrasound referral center. All women underwent transvaginal or transrectal ultrasound. Presumed diagnosis of the adnexal mass was based on examiner's subjective impression according to patter recognition analysis. Reporting was performed according to GI-RADS classification. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), positive likelihood ratio (LR+), and negative likelihood ratio (LR-) of the GI-RADS were calculated. The gold standard was histologic diagnosis (benign or malignant) or spontaneous resolution of the cyst during follow-up (benign). Referring clinicians were asked for completing a survey in order to assess how useful they considered this reporting system.

In this study, 56 masses were classified as GI-RADS 2, 174 masses were classified as GI-RADS 3, 19 masses were classified as GI-RADS 4, and 32 masses were classified as GI-RADS 5. Among them, 230 masses were removed surgically and 51 masses resolved spontaneously. There were 35 malignant lesions. Sensitivity, specificity, LR+, and LR- were 97.1% (95% confidence interval (CI): 85.5–99.5%), 93.1% (95%CI: 89.2– 95.6%), 14.1 (95%CI: 8.8–22.3), and 0.03 (95%CI: 0.004–0.21) respectively. All 20 referring clinicians reported that GI-RADS was very useful for their clinical decision-making process.

GI-RADS shows a high diagnostic performance and is helpful for referring clinicians for taking clinical decisions.

Diaz L, Zambrano B, Adami FJ, Alcázar JL. External Validation of Gynecological Imaging and Reporting Data System for Sonographic Evaluation of Adnexal Masses. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2017;11(2):135-140.

Accurate assessment of gestational age and fetal growth using ultrasound is imperative in providing good quality antenatal and perinatal care. It provides a noninvasive reliable estimate of the gestational age and serves as a baseline upon which interval fetal growth can be assessed throughout pregnancy.

The present study was undertaken to assess the relationship between gestational age and fetal foot length and to derive a nomogram correlating gestational age in weeks with fetal foot length.

This was a prospective, cross-sectional study conducted on 300 pregnant women between 18 and 39 weeks of gestation after obtaining their written informed consent. Our inclusion criteria were women with singleton pregnancies who were certain of their last menstrual periods; who had previous regular menstrual cycles; who had undergone a fi rst trimester dating scan; who had a normal anomaly scan; and with normal amniotic fl uid volume. Each patient underwent a detailed antenatal ultrasound study in which, in addition to routine fetal biometry, each fetal foot length was measured. In each fetus, the measurements of the two feet were averaged for analytical purpose. For each gestational age, the fetal foot length was calculated from the raw data and linear regression analysis was used to establish a relationship between sonographic gestational age and fetal foot length. The p value was also calculated to estimate the level of signifi cance.

Our study demonstrated a strong statistically significant linear relationship between gestational age and fetal foot length during the second and third trimesters of gestation.

Hemraj S, Acharya DK, Abraham SM, Vinayaka US, Ravichandra G. Fetal Foot Length and Its Sonographic Correlation with Gestational Age. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2017;11(2):141-145.

Confl ict of interest: None

Kurjak A, Antsaklis P, Stanojevic M, Porovic S. Fetal Behavior assessed by Four-dimensional Sonography. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2017;11(2):146-168.

The objective of this study was to determine the oxidative status of saliva and plasma in diabetic children, by analyzing advanced oxidation protein products (AOPPs) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC).

Study included 60 patients with diabetes mellitus type I (DMT1) aged 12.45 ± 2.65 years, and 40 healthy age-matched controls. The AOPP and TAC of the plasma and saliva samples were determined using a commercial QuantiChrom™ Antioxidant Assay Kit (DTAC-100) for TAC determination, and Immunodiagnostic AG [enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit for AOPP].

Values of salivary and plasma AOPP were lower in diabetic patients than in healthy controls, while value of TAC was clinically and significantly higher in plasma of controls, and clinically higher in saliva of healthy control group, compared with diabetic patients. Average value of hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) was 7.58 ± 0.85%.

Results of this study showed that diabetes mellitus as a condition, with well-controlled HbA1c, has no influence on AOPP levels in saliva and plasma, while TAC levels of saliva and plasma are lower in diabetic patients, which means that DMT1 has an influence on the TAC.

Porovic S, Juric H, Dinarevic SM. Oxidative Status of Saliva and Plasma in Diabetic Children. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2017;11(2):169-173.

Al-Saygh F, Jabre M, Ahmed B. Imperforate Hymen. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2017;11(2):174-176.