Panchalee T, Wataganara T. Doubleoutlet of Right Ventricle of Recipient Fetus in Severe Midtrimester Twin–Twin Transfusion Syndrome. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2016;10(4):365-366.

Wataganara T. Preeclampsia Screening: Combining All the Right Markers to predict a Wrong Disease? Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2016;10(4):367-371

Lazarou SA. Profound Benefits of Prenatal Diagnosis in the Quality of Life and Care of Clefts. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2016;10(4):372-375.

Panchal S, Nagori C. Sonoendocrinology and Monitoring Assisted Reproduction Technology. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2016;10(4):376-386.

Wataganara T, Phithakwatchara N, Nawapun K. Overview of Fetal Therapy. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2016;10(4):387-392.

Two of the most frequent procedures performed on infertile women are two-dimensional ultrasound (2DUS) and three-dimensional ultrasound (3DUS). Hysteroscopy is considered as the gold standard for evaluation of acquired endometrial lesions in infertile women; however, 3DUS is used as a noninvasive, less expensive, and reliable assessment method for evaluation of the intrauterine lesions in infertile women. We aimed to compare the diagnostic efficiency between 3DUS and hysteroscopy in the detection of lesions (polyps, submucous leiomyoma, and synechiae) in infertile women.

In this prospective observational study, infertile women (n = 155) with indication of hysteroscopy were scheduled to undergo 3DUS prior to hysteroscopy from September 2010 to 2011. Women with suspected congenital uterine anomalies were excluded. The sensitivity and specificity values of 3DUS were compared with those of hysteroscopy. Hysteroscopy was used as the gold standard for diagnosis of intrauterine lesions in infertile women.

Of the 155 women, 50 were found to have an intracavitary abnormality, 36 had polyps, 12 had myomas, and 7 had synechiae on hysteroscopic findings. Examination with 3DUS in the diagnosis of intrauterine lesions reached an accuracy of 94%, and 92.15 and 96.9% of sensitivity and specificity respectively. Positive predictive value (PPV) was 83.9%, and a negative predictive value (NPV) was 91.3% (LR+ = 10.75, LR+ = 0.065).

According to our results, 3DUS has a reliable diagnostic accuracy for intrauterine lesions, and it may limit unnecessary hysteroscopy in patients with normal results.

Ahmadi F, Haghighi H, Ghahremani Z, Niknejad F, Akhbari F, Ramezanali F, Chehrazi M. Diagnostic Accuracy of Three-dimensional Ultrasonography in Detection of Endometrial Lesions compared with Hysteroscopy in Infertile Women. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2016;10(4):393-397.

To evaluate the role of endometrial thickness and volume using three-dimensional transvaginal ultrasound (3-D TVUS) in order to predict pregnancy outcome in assisted reproductive technology (ART) cycle on the day of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) administration.

In this prospective study, the long protocol of controlled ovarian hyperstimulation was prescribed for women. Endometrial thickness and volume were measured using the 3-D TVUS, for 166 women undergoing ART cycle, on the day of hCG administration at Royan Institute, Tehran, Iran, between 2009 and 2011. All patients were divided into three groups. Regarding endometrial thickness, there are three groups as follows: Group I: . 7 mm, group II: 7.14 mm, and group III: > 14 mm; all patients were also divided into three groups according to endometrial volume calculated as follows: Group IV: < 2 cc, group V: 2.4.5 cc, group VI: > 4.5 cc. Pregnancy rate (PR) was compared between all groups.

A total of 166 patients were analyzed. Overall PR was 39.8% after in vitro fertilization (IVF). Participant's age ranged from 20 to 38 years old with the mean age of 29.9 ± 4.23. No significant cut-off value was found for endometrial thickness and volume.

Endometrial thickness and volume on the day of hCG are significant in limited value and in a clinical setting for predicting implantation in ART cycle.

Ahmadi F, Akhbari F, Irani SH, Shiva M, Maghari A. A Two-year Cross-sectional Prospective Study for Assessment of Endometrial Thickness and Volume using Threedimensional Transvaginal Ultrasound among in vitro Fertilization Patients of Royan Institute in Iran. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2016;10(4):398-402.

Ultrasound evaluation could ensure early diagnoses prior to the onset of clinical manifestations. The use of ultrasound as a diagnostic tool for varying disease states is gaining ground in Africa; however, its operator dependence constitutes a major setback. Our main goal was to evaluate the accuracy of ultrasound in the diagnosis of placenta previa (PP) in Cameroon, and especially its use by nonradiologists.

We carried out a cross-sectional prospective study in the maternity unit of the Yaoundé Central Hospital during a period of 13 months (December 1, 2014 to December 31, 2015). Our study population involved women with prior cesarean section irrespective of the indication at least 28 weeks of gestational age. During surgery the diagnosis was confirmed. We included all women with a past history of cesarean section who underwent a 3rd trimester ultrasound scan (USS), especially in the last 4 weeks preceding the cesarean section.

The mean age of our study population was 28.02 years (± 6.13 years), with age extremes at 13 and 44 years respectively. Out of 761 women who underwent cesarean section, 153 had been diagnosed preoperatively with PP. All the USSs were transabdominal. Third trimester scans irrespective of the operator had a sensitivity of 82, and 99% specificity. Among the operators, radiologists and obstetricians had the best sensitivity rates (83 and 81% respectively) as against 71.4% among other operators.

Ultrasound scanning is important in the antenatal period as a diagnostic tool for PP when carried out by radiologists and obstetricians. Routine use of the transvaginal and transperineal routes should be encouraged so as to gain in accuracy during 3rd trimester scanning. However, the nonradiologists need to be trained because of the accuracy lapses involving the USSs which they carry out.

Florent FY, Ohanda PBA, Fouedjio JH, Fouogue JT, Fouelifa LD, Mbu RE. Accuracy of Ultrasounds in the Diagnosis of Placenta Previa by Nonradiologists in Cameroon. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2016;10(4):403-408.

To present our experience of using HDliveFlow with the HDlive silhouette mode to assess malignant tumors of the uterine cervix.

Five women with malignant tumors of the uterine cervix (one case each of malignant lymphoma, cervical cancer stage IIA, and three of cervical cancer stage IVb) were studied using HDliveFlow with the HDlive silhouette mode.

In a case of malignant lymphoma of the cervix, HDliveFlow with the HDlive silhouette mode demonstrated a markedly hyper-vascularized uterus with numerous vessels radiating out from the periphery of the uterus to its center (radialvascular pattern). In four cases of advanced cervical cancer (one case each of stage IIA, and three of stage IVb), HDliveFlow with the HDlive silhouette mode revealed a central hyper-vascular tumor within the peripheral vascular-ring appearance of the cervix, and clearly demonstrated the configuration of the tumor.

HDliveFlow with the HDlive silhouette mode may provide useful information on the diagnosis of malignant tumors of the uterine cervix.

Tanaka T, AboEllail MAM, Ishimura M, Yamamoto K, Ishibashi M, Mori N, Kanenishi K, Hata T. HDliveFlow with HDlive Silhouette Mode for Diagnosis of Malignant Tumors of Uterine Cervix. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2016;10(4):409-412.

Hortence FJ, Florent FY, Njotang NP, Mbu RE. Encephalocele: A Case Report at Yaoundé Central Hospital, Cameroon. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2016;10(4):413-414.

Yang P-Y, Kanenishi K, Ishibashi M, Mori N, Hata T. HDliveFlow with HDlive Silhouette Mode in Antenatal Diagnosis of Bilobed Placenta. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2016;10(4):415-417.

Broady A, Zalud I. Guidelines for the Doppler Assessment of the Umbilical and Middle Cerebral Arteries in Obstetrics. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2016;10(4):418-421.