Three-dimensional (3D) and real-time three-dimensional (4D) technology, 3D power Doppler and high frequency transducers are being increasingly used in gynecological ultrasound. This treatise discusses practical aspects of these techniques and audits the utility and advantages of these indications in guiding and improving patient outcomes. Current literature places these techniques as a method of choice to image morbid pelvic anatomy and pathophysiology.
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Rebleeding and endometrial growth in women with postmenopausal bleeding and endometrial thickness <5 mm managed by dilatation and curettage or ultrasound followup: A randomized controlled study. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol Nov 2001;18(5):499-504.
Value of sonomorphological criteria of the endometrium in women with postmenopausal bleeding: A multivariate analysis. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol Jan 2002;19(1):62-68.
Alteration of sonographic texture of the endometrium in postmenopausal bleeding: A guide to further management. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2000;79:1006-10.
Imaging the endometrium: Are there predictors of uterine receptivity? J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2003;25(5):360-68.
A uterine ultrasonographic scoring system as a method for the prognosis of embryo implantation. J Assist Reprod Genet 2002;19(3):99-102.
Endometrial receptivity in an in vitro fertilization program as assessed by spiral artery blood flow, endometrial thickness, endometrial volume, and uterine artery blood flow. Fertil Steril 2001;75(2):361-66.
Contribution of ovarian and uterine color Doppler in medically assisted reproduction techniques (ART). Gynecol Obstet Fertil 2002;30(9):663-72.
Assessment of changes in utero-ovarian arterial impedance during the peri-implantation period by Doppler sonography in women undergoing assisted reproduction. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2004;23(5):496-500.
Assessment of endometrial receptivity by transvaginal color Doppler and threedimensional power Doppler ultrasonography in patients undergoing in vitro fertilization procedures. J Ultrasound Med 2001;20(2):125-34.
Comparison of endometrial and subendometrial blood flow measured by three-dimensional power Doppler ultrasound between stimulated and natural cycles in the same patients. Hum Reprod 2004;19(10):2385-90.
Quantifying the changes in endometrial vascularity throughout the normal menstrual cycle with three-dimensional power Doppler angiography. Hum Reprod 2004;19(2):330-38.
Changes in uterine and ovarian arterial impedance during the periovulatory period in conception and nonconception cycles. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2000;26(6):435-40.
Human chorionic gonadotropin for in vitro oocytes maturation: Does it improve the endometrium or implantation? J Reprod Med 2004;49(2):93-98.
Doppler ultrasonography and implantation: A critical review. Fetal Diagn Ther 2001;16(6): 327-32.
Three-dimensional sonographic morphologic assessment of adnexal masses: A reproducibility study. J Ultrasound Med 2007;26 (8):1007-11.
Three-dimensional power Doppler vascular sampling: A new method for predicting ovarian cancer in vascularized complex adnexal masses. J Ultrasound Med 2005;24(5):689-96.
Role of three-dimensional ultrasound in assessment of women undergoing urethral bulking agent therapy. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2004;16(5):411-17.
The ‘iris effect’: How two-dimensional and three-dimensional ultrasound can help us understand antiincontinence procedures. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2004; 23(3):267-71.
