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VOLUME 18 , ISSUE 4 ( October-December, 2024 ) > List of Articles

REVIEW ARTICLE

Detection of Limb Malformations: Role of Three-dimensional/Four-dimensional Ultrasound

Eberhard Merz

Keywords : Limb abnormalities, Prenatal diagnosis, Three-dimensional/four-dimensional ultrasound

Citation Information : Merz E. Detection of Limb Malformations: Role of Three-dimensional/Four-dimensional Ultrasound. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2024; 18 (4):360-369.

DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10009-2050

License: CC BY-NC 4.0

Published Online: 20-12-2024

Copyright Statement:  Copyright © 2024; The Author(s).


Abstract

Fetal limb abnormalities can be found both in the context of generalized malformations, such as osteochondrodysplasias, and in the form of malformations that only affect individual limb sections or in diseases associated with impaired mobility of the limbs. With the different display modes of three-dimensional (3D) sonography, surface defects and bone abnormalities can be diagnosed precisely. In addition, four-dimensional (4D) sonography allows the targeted detection of limited or lacking mobility of extremities or extremity sections. In diseases with an increased risk of recurrence, fetal limb abnormalities can also be specifically excluded, and normal findings can be clearly demonstrated to the expectant parents. This article provides an overview of the advantages of 3D and 4D ultrasound in the targeted clarification of fetal limb abnormalities.

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