Donald School Journal of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology

Register      Login

VOLUME 12 , ISSUE 2 ( April-June, 2018 ) > List of Articles

PICTURE OF THE MONTH

HDliveFlow Silhouette Mode with HDlive Silhouette Mode for Diagnosis of Sclerosing Stromal Tumor of the Ovary

Tamaki Tanaka, Chiaki Tenkumo, Yuko Fukuda

Keywords : HDlive silhouette mode, HDliveFlow silhouette mode, Laparoscopic surgery, Ovary, Sclerosing stromal tumor

Citation Information : Tanaka T, Tenkumo C, Fukuda Y. HDliveFlow Silhouette Mode with HDlive Silhouette Mode for Diagnosis of Sclerosing Stromal Tumor of the Ovary. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2018; 12 (2):85-88.

DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10009-1555

License: CC BY-NC 4.0

Published Online: 01-03-2018

Copyright Statement:  Copyright © 2018; The Author(s).


Abstract

We present our experience of using the HDliveFlow silhouette mode with HDlive silhouette mode to diagnose sclerosing stromal tumor (SST) of the ovary. Two-dimensional (2D) sonography showed an echogenic solid tumor with some anechoic areas inside the mass. Two-dimensional power Doppler depicted peripheral vascularity with a few central vessels inside the mass. HDliveFlow clearly showed abundant peripheral vascularization with several penetrating vessels (scrubbing-brush appearance). The HDliveFlow silhouette mode with HDlive silhouette mode revealed numerous peripheral vessels with some penetrating vessels and a few cysts inside the mass. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was highly suggestive of SST. Laparoscopic right salpingo-oophorectomy was performed, and the histopathologic diagnosis was SST of the right ovary. The HDliveFlow silhouette mode with HDlive silhouette mode may facilitate the preoperative diagnosis of SST as an additional diagnostic tool along with conventional 2D power Doppler sonography.


PDF Share
  1. Chalvardjian A, Scully RE. Sclerosing stromal tumor of the ovary. Cancer 1973 Mar;31(3):664-670. Figs 5A and B: Gross appearance (A) and longitudinally cut view (B) of the right ovary. Macroscopic examination of the surgical specimen shows a capsulated tumor with firm consistency, yellowish nodular, and edema-like parts
  2. Chang W, Oiseth SJ, Orentlicher R, Agarwal G, Yahr LJ, Cayten CG. Bilateral sclerosing stromal tumor of the ovaries in a premenarchal girl. Gynecol Oncol 2006;101(2):342-345.
  3. Kaygusuz EI, Cesur S, Cetiner H, Yavuz H, Koc N. Sclerosing stromal tumor in young women: Clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical spectrum. J Clin Diagn Res 2013 Sep;7(9):1932-1935.
  4. Ihara N, Togashi K, Todo G, Nakai A, Kojima N, Ishigaki T, Suginami N, Kinoshita M, Shintaku M. Sclerosing stromal tumor of the ovary: MRI. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1999 Jul;23(4):555-557.
  5. Furukawa S, Kanno K, Kojima M, Ohara M, Soeda S, Suzuki S, Watanabe T, Nishiyama H, Honda T, Fujimori K. Sclerosing stromal tumor of the ovary treated with 2-incision total laparoscopic cystectomy. Int J Surg Case Rep 2015;9: 72-74.
  6. Ito M, AboEllail MAM, Yamamoto K, Kanenishi K, Tanaka H, Masaoka H, Hata T. HDlive Flow silhouette mode and spatiotemporal image correlation for diagnosing congenital heart disease. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2017 Sep;50(3):411-415.
  7. Tenkumo C, Kanenishi K, AboEllail MAM, Yamamoto K, Ishibashi M, Mori N, Tanaka H, Hata T. HDliveFlow silhouette mode for the diagnosis of uterine enhanced myometrial vascularity/arteriovenous malformations. J Med Ultrasonics 2018 Apr;45(2):349-352.
  8. Hata T, Kanenishi K, Tanaka T, Ito M, Mori N. HDliveFlow silhouette mode for the diagnosis of uterine sarcoma. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2017 Oct-Dec;11(4): 259-260.
  9. Hata T, Ito M, Nitta E, Pooh R, Sasahara J, Inamura N. HDlive Flow silhouette mode for diagnosis of ectopia cordis with a left ventricular diverticulum at 15 weeks’ gestation. J Ultrasound Med 2018 Mar.
  10. Lee MS, Cho HC, Lee YH, Hong SR. Ovarian sclerosing stromal tumors: gray scale and color Doppler sonographic finding. J Ultrasound Med 2001;20(4):413-417.
  11. Deval B, Rafil A, Darai E, Hugol D, Buy JN. Sclerosing stromal tumor of the ovary: color Doppler findings. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2003 Nov;22(5):531-534.
  12. Matsubayashi R, Matsuno Y, Doi J, Kudo S, Matsuguchi K, Sugimori H. Sclerosing stromal tumor of the ovary: radiologic findings. Eur Radiol 1999 Aug;9(7):1335-1338.
  13. Joja I, Okuno K, Tsunoda M, Takeda Y, Sugita K, Mizutani Y, Miyagi Y, Kudo T, Notohara K, Hiraki Y. Sclerosing stromal tumor of the ovary: US, MR, and dynamic MR findings. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2001 Mar-Apr;25(2):201-206.
  14. Kim JY, Jung KJ, Chung DS, Kim OD, Lee JH, Youn SK. Sclerosing stromal tumor of the ovary: MR-Pathologic correlation in three cases. Korean J Radiol 2003 Jul-Sep;4(3):194-199.
  15. AboEllail MAM, Kanenishi K, Tenkumo C, Mori N, Katayama T, Koyano K, Kusaka T, Hata T. Four-dimensional power Doppler sonography with the HDlive silhouette mode in antenatal diagnosis of a right aortic arch with an aberrant left subclavian artery. J Ultrasound Med 2016 Mar;35(3):661-663.
  16. AboEllail MAM, Ishimura M, Sajapala S, Yamamoto K, Tanaka K, Nitta E, Kanenishi K, Hata T. Three-dimensional color/power Doppler sonography and HDlive silhouette mode for diagnosis of molar pregnancy. J Ultrasound Med 2016;35(9):2049-2052.
  17. Yamamoto K, AboEllail MAM, Ito M, Mori N, Kanenishi K, Tanaka H, Hata T. HDlive imaging in diagnosis of uterine artery pseudoaneurysm during pregnancy. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2016 Jul;48(1):127-128.
  18. Yamamoto K, AboEllail MAM, Ishimura M, Tanaka T, Mori N, Kanenishi K, Hata T. HDlive silhouette inversion mode in diagnosis of complete hydatidiform mole. J Ultrasound Med 2017 Apr;36(4):833-835.
  19. Ganjiguur TO, AboEllail MAM, Mori N, Hata T. HDliveFlow with HDlive silhouette mode for diagnosis of persistent right umbilical vein and single umbilical artery. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2018 Jan-Mar;12(1):1-3.
  20. Sajapala S, AboEllail MAM, Tanaka T, Nitta E, Kanenishi K, Hata T. Three-dimensional power Doppler with silhouette mode for diagnosis of malignant ovarian tumors. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2016 Dec;48(6):806-808.
  21. Reissland N, Francis B, Kumarendran K, Mason J. Ultrasound observations of subtle movements: a pilot study comparing foetuses of smoking and nonsmoking mothers. Acta Paediatr 2015 Jun;104(6):596-603.
  22. Marx V, Nagy E. Fetal behavioural responses to maternal voice and touch. PLoS One 2015 Jun;10(6):e0129118.
  23. Reid VM, Dunn K, Young RJ, Amu J, Donovan T, Reissland N. The human fetus preferentially engages with face-like visual stimuli. Curr Biol 2017 Jul;27(13):1825-1828.
  24. Kodaman PH, Arici A. Intra-uterine adhesions and fertility outcome: how to optimize success? Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2007 Jun;19(3):207-214.
  25. Netter AP, Musset R, Lambert A, Salomon Y. Traumatic uterine synechiae: a common cause of menstrual insufficiency, sterility, and abortion. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1956 Feb;71(2): 368-375.
  26. Jones WE. Traumatic intrauterine adhesions. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1964 Jun;89:304-313.
  27. Foix A, Bruno R, Davison T, Baltasar L. The pathology of postcurettage adhesions. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1966 Dec;96(7):1027-1033.
  28. McCulloch T, Wagner B, Duffy S, Barik S, Smith J. The pathology of hysterectomy specimens following transcervical resection of the endometrium. Histopathology 1995 Dec;27(6):541-547.
  29. Magos A. Hysteroscopic treatment of Asherman's syndrome. Reprod Biomed Online 2002;4(Suppl 3):46-51.
  30. Capella-Allouc S, Morsad F, Rongieres-Bertrand C, Taylor S, Fernandez H. Hysteroscopic treatment of severe Asherman's syndrome and subsequent fertility. Hum Reprod 1999 May;14(5):1230-1233.
  31. March CM. Management of Asherman's syndrome. Reprod Biomed Online 2011 Jul;23(1):63-76.
  32. Myers EM. Hurst BS. Comprehensive management of sever Asherman syndrome and amenorrhea. Fertil Steril 2012 Jan;97(1):160-164.
  33. AAGL practice report: practice guidelines for management of intrauterine synechiae. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2010 Jan-Feb;17(1):1-7.
  34. Chen L, Zhang H, Wang Q, Xie F, Gao S, Song Y, Dong J, Feng H, Xie K, Sui L. Reproductive outcomes in patients with intrauterine adhesions following hysteroscopic adhesiolysis: experience from the largest women's hospital in China. Minim Invasive Gynecol 2017 Feb;24(2):299-304.
  35. Engelbrechtsen L, Langhoff-Roos J, Kjer JJ, Istre O. Placenta accreta: adherent placenta due to Asherman syndrome. Clin Case Rep 2015 Mar;3(3):175-178.
  36. Feng ZC, Yang B, Shao J, Liu S. Diagnostic and therapeutic hysteroscopy for traumatic intrauterine adhesions after induced abortions: clinical analysis of 365 cases. Gynaecol Endosc 1999;8(2):95-98.
  37. Kupesic S, Kurjak A. Uterine and ovarian perfusion during the periovulatory period assessed by transvaginal color Doppler. Fertil Steril 1993 Sep;60(3):439-443.
  38. Kupesic S, Kurjak A, Vujisic S, Petrovic Z. Luteal phase defect: comparison between Doppler velocimetry, histologic and hormonal markers. J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1997 Feb;9(2):105-112.
  39. Kurjak A, Kupesic S, Sparac V, Bekavac I. Preoperative evaluation of pelvic tumors by Doppler and three-dimensional sonography. J Ultrasound Med 2001;20:829-840.
  40. Ekerhovd E, Wienerroith H, Staudach A, Granberg S. Preoperative assessment of unilocular adnexal cysts by transvaginal ultrasonography: a comparison between ultrasonographic morphologic imaging and histopathologic diagnosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001 Jan;184(2):48-54.
  41. Modesitt SC, Pavlik EJ, Ueland FR, DePriest PD, Kryscio RJ, van Nagell JR. Risk of malignancy in unilocular ovarian cystic tumors less than 10 centimeters in diameter. Obstet Gynecol 2003 Sep;102(3):594-599.
  42. Levine D, Brown DL, Andreotti RF, Benacerraf B, Benson CB, Brewster WR, Coleman B, DePriest P, Doubilet PM, Goldstein SR, et al. Management of asymptomatic ovarian and other adnexal cysts imaged at US: Society of Radiologists in Ultrasound consensus conference statement. Radiology 2010 Sep;256(30):943-954.
  43. Peterson WF, Novak ER. Endometrial polyps. Obstet Gynecol 1956 Jul;8(1):40-49.
  44. Hamani J, Eldar I, Sela HY, Voss E, Haimov-Kochman R. The clinical significance of small endometrial polyps. Eur J Ob Gyn Reprod Biol 2013 Oct;170(2):497-500.
  45. deWaay DJ, Syrop CH, Nygaard IE, Davis WA, Van Voorhis B. Natural history of uterine polyps and leiomyomata. Obstet Gynecol 2002 Jul;100(1):3-7.
  46. Van Dongen H, Janssen CA, Smeets MJ, Emanuel MH, Jansen FW. The clinical relevance of hysteroscopic polypectomy in premenopausal women with abnormal uterine bleeding. BJOG 2009 Sep;116(10):1387-1390.
  47. Ryan GL, Syrop CH, Van Voorhis BJ. Role epidemiology, and natural history of benign uterine mass lesions. Clin Obstet Gynecol 2005 Jun;48(2):312-324.
  48. Clevenger-Hoeft M, Syrop CH, Stovall DW, van Voorhis BJ. Sonohysterography in premenopausal women with and without abnormal bleeding. Obstet Gynecol 1999 Oct;94(4): 516-520.
  49. Kim KR, Peng R, Ro JY, Robboy SJ. A diagnostically useful histopathologic feature of endometrial polyp: the long axis of endometrial glands arranged parallel to surface epithelium. Am J Surg Pathol 2004 Aug;28(8):1057-1062.
  50. Vanni R, Dal Cin P, Marras S, Moerman P, Andria M, Valdes E, Deprest J, Van den Berghe H. Endometrial polyp: another benign tumor characterized by 12q13-q15 changes. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 1993 Jul;68(1):32-33.
  51. Nogueira AA, Sant'Ana de Almeida EC, Poli Neto OB, Zambelli Ramalho LN, Rosa e Silva JC, Candido dos Reis FJ. Immunohistochemical expression of p63 in endometrial polyps: evidence that a basal cell immunophenotype is maintained. Menopause 2006 Sep-Oct;13(5):826-830.
  52. Sant'Ana de Almeida EC, Nogueira AA, Candido dos Reis FJ, Zambelli Ramalho LN, Zucoloto S. Immunohistochemical expression of estrogen and progesterone receptors in endometrial polyps and adjacent endometrium in postmenopausal women. Maturitas 2004 Nov;49(3):229-233.
  53. Liu Z, Kuokkanen S, Pal L. Steroid hormone receptor profile of premenopausal endometrial polyps. Reprod Sci 2010 Apr;17(4):377-383.
  54. Lieng M, Istre O, Sandvik L, Qvigstad E. Prevalence, 1-year regression rate, and clinical significance of asymptomatic endometrial polyps: cross-sectional study. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2009 Jul-Aug;16(4):465-471.
  55. Gimpelson RJ, Rappold HO. A comparative study between panoramic hysteroscopy with directed biopsies and dilatation and curettage. A review of 276 cases. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1988 Mar;158(1):489-492.
  56. Lieng M, Istre O, Qvigstad E. Treatment of endometrial polyps: a systematic review. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2010 Aug:89(8):992-1002.
  57. Salim S, Won H, Nesbitt-Hawes E, Campbell N, Abbott J. Diagnosis and management of endometrial polyps: A critical review of the literature. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2011 Sep-Oct;18(5):569-581.
  58. Day Baird D, Dunson DB, Hill MC, Cousins D, Schectman JM. High cumulative incidence of uterine leiomyoma in black and white women: ultrasound evidence. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003 Jan;188(1):100-107.
  59. Ciarmela P, Islam MS, Reis FM, Gray PC, Bloise E, Petraglia F, Vale W, Castellucci M. Growth factors and myometrium: biological effects in uterine fibroid and possible clinical implications. Hum Reprod Update 2011 Nov-Dec;17(6): 772-790.
  60. Islam MS, Protic O, Stortoni P, Grechi G, Lamanna P, Petraglia F, Castellucci M, Ciarmela P. Complex networks of multiple factors in the pathogenesis of uterine leiomyoma. Fertil Steril 2013 Jul;100(1):178-193.
  61. Lacey CG. Benign disorders of the uterine corpus. In: Pernoll ML, editor. Current obstetric and gynaecologic diagnosis and treatment. 7th ed. Norwalk, CT: Appleton & Lange; 1991. pp. 732-738.
  62. Clevenger-Hoeft M, Syrop CH, Stovall DW, Van Voorhis BJ. Sonohysterography in premenopausal women with and without abnormal bleeding. Obstet Gynecol 1999 Oct;94(4): 516-520.
  63. Flake G, Andersen J, Dixon D. Etiology and pathogenesis of uterine leiomyomas: a review. Environ Health Perspect 2003 Jun;111(8):1037-1054.
  64. Kupesic Plavsic S, Kurjak A, Baston K. Color Doppler and 3D ultrasound of the uterine lesions. In: Kupesic Plavsic S, editor. Color Doppler, 3D and 4D ultrasound in gynecology, infertility and obstetrics. New Delhi, India: Jaypee Publisher; 2011. pp. 22-32.
  65. Munro MG, Critchley HO, Broder MS, Fraser IS. The FIGO Classification System (“PALM-COEIN”) for causes of abnormal uterine bleeding in non-gravid women in the reproductive years, including guidelines for clinical investigation. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2011 Apr;113(1):3-13.
  66. Wamsteker K, Emanuel MH, de Kruif JH. Transcervical hysteroscopic resection of submucosal fibroids for abnormal uterine bleeding: results regarding the degree of intramural extension. Obstet Gynecol 1993 Nov;82(5):736-740.
  67. Practice committee of AAGL. AAGL Practice Report: Practice Guidelines for the diagnosis and Management of submucosal leiomyomas. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2012 Mar-Apr;19(2):152-171.
  68. Parker WH, Fu YS, Berek JS. Uterine sarcoma in patients operated on for presumed leiomyoma and rapidly growing leiomyoma. Obstet Gynecol 1994 Mar;83(3):414-418.
  69. Leibsohn S, d'Ablaing G, Mishell DR Jr, Schlaerth JB. Leiomyosarcoma in a series of hysterectomies performed for presumed uterine leiomyomas. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1990 Apr;162(4):968-974.
  70. Islam MS, Protic O, Giannubilo SR, Toti P, Tranquilli AL, Petraglia F, Castellucci M, Ciarmela P. Uterine leiomyoma: available medical treatments and new possible therapeutic options. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013 Mar;98(3):921-934.
  71. Ciarmela P, Ciavattini A, Giannubilo SR, Lamana P, Fiorini R, Tranquili AL, Christman GM, Castellucciu M. Management of leiomyomas in perimenopausal women. Maturitas 2014 Jul; 78(3):168-173.
  72. Soysal S, Soysal ME. The efficacy of levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device in selected cases of myoma-related menorrhagia: a prospective controlled trial. Gynecol Obstet Invest 2005;59(1):29-35.
  73. Friedman AJ, Hoffman DI, Comite F, Browneller RW, Miller JD. Treatment of leiomyomata uteri with leuprolide acetate depot: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter study. The Leuprolide Study Group. Obstet Gynecol 1991 May;77(5):720-725.
  74. Fiscella K, Eisinger SH, Meldrum S, Feng C, Fisher SG, Guzick DS. Effect of mifepristone for symptomatic leiomyomata on quality of life and uterine size: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol 2006 Dec;108(6):1381-1387.
  75. Carbonell Esteve JL, Acosta R, Heredia B, Perez Y, Castaneda MC, Hernandez AV. Mifepristone for the treatment of uterine leiomyomas: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol 2008 Nov;112(5):1029-1036.
  76. Donnez J, Tatarchuk TF, Bouchard P, Puscasiu L, Zakharenko NF, Ivanova T, Ugocsai G, Mara M, Jilla MP, Bestel E, et al. Ulipristal acetate versus placebo for fibroid treatment before surgery. N Engl J Med 2012 Feb;366(5): 409-420.
  77. Ghezzi F, Cromi A, Bergamini V, Scarperi S, Bolis P, Franchi M. Midterm outcome of radiofrequency thermal ablation for symptomatic uterine myomas. Surg Endosc 2007 Nov;21(11): 2081-2085.
  78. Kanaoka Y, Yoshida C, Fukuda T, Kajitani K, Ishiko O. Transcervical microwave myolysis for uterine myomas assisted by transvaginal ultrasonic guidance. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2009 Feb;35(1):145-151.
  79. Stewart EA, Rabinovici J, Tempany CM, Inbar Y, Regan L, Gostout B, Hesley G, Kim HS, Hengst S, Gedroyc WM. Clinical outcomes of focused ultrasound surgery for the treatment of uterine fibroids. Fertil Steril 2006 Jan;85(1):22-29.
  80. Taran FA, Tempany CM, Regan L, Inbar Y, Revel A, Stewart EA. Magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS) compared with abdominal hysterectomy for treatment of uterine leiomyomas. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2009 Nov;34(5):572-578.
  81. Farquhar CM, Steiner CA. Hysterectomy rates in the United States 1990.1997. Obstet Gynecol 2002 Feb;99(2):229-234.
  82. Cicinelli E, Romano F, Anastasio PS, Blasi N, Parisi C, Galantino P. Transabdominal sonohysterography, transvaginal sonography, and hysteroscopy in the evaluation of submucous myomas. Obstet Gynecol 1995 Jan; 85(1):42-47.
  83. Furr BJA, Jordan VC. The pharmacology and clinical uses of Tamoxifen. Pharmacol Ther 1984;25(2):127-205.
  84. Barakat R. The effect of Tamoxifen on the endometrium. Oncology 1995 Feb;9(2):129-142.
  85. Ismail SM. Pathology of endometrium treated with tamoxifen. J Clin Pathol 1994 Sep;47(9):827-833.
  86. Neven P, De Muylder X, Van Belle Y, Vanderick G, De Muylder E. Tamoxifen and the uterus and endometrium. Lancet 1989 Feb; 1(8634):375.
  87. Kedar RP, Bourne TH, Powels TJ, Collins WP, Ashley SE, Cosgrove DO, Campbell S. Effects of tamoxifen on uterus and ovaries of postmenopausal women in a randomized breast cancer prevention trial. Lancet 1994 May;343(8909):1318-1321.
  88. Gardner FJ, Konje JC, Bell SC, Abrams KR, Brown LJ, Taylor DJ, Habiba M. Prevention of tamoxifen induced endometrial polyps using a levonorgestrel releasing intrauterine system long-term follow-up of a randomized control trial. Gynecol Oncol 2009 Sep;114(3):452-456.
  89. Deligdisch L, Kalir T, Cohen CJ, de Latour M, le Bouedec G, Penault-Llorca F. Endometrial histopathology in 700 patients treated with tamoxifen for breast cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2000 Aug;78(2):181-186.
  90. Cohen I. Endometrial pathologies associated with postmenopausal tamoxifen treatment. Gynecol Oncol 2004 Aug;94(2):256.
  91. Runowicz CD, Costantino JP, Wickerham DL, Cecchini RS, Cronin WM, Ford LG, Vogel VG, Wolmark N. Gynecologic conditions in participants in the NSABP breast cancer prevention study of tamoxifen and raloxifene (STAR). Am J Obstet Gynecol 2011 Dec;205(6):535.e1-5.
  92. Fisher B, Costantino JP, Redmond CK, Fisher ER, Wickerham DL, Cronin WM. Endometrial cancer in tamoxifen-treated breast cancer patients: findings from the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP) B-14. J Natl Cancer Inst 1994 Apr;86(7):527-537.
  93. van Leeuwen FE, Benraadt J, Coebergh JWW, Kiemeney LA, Gimbrere CH, Otter R, Schouten LJ, Damhuis RA, Bontenbal M, Diepenhorst FW, et al. Risk of endometrial cancer after tamoxifen treatment of breast cancer. Lancet 1994 Feb;343(8895):448-452.
  94. Deligdisch L, Kalir N, Cohen CJ, de Latour M, Le Bouedec G, Penault-Llorca F. Endometrial histopathology in 700 patients treated with tamoxifen for breast cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2000 Aug;78(2):181-186.
  95. Ryden S, Fermo M, Moller T. Long-term effects of adjuvant tamoxifen and/or radiotherapy. The South Sweden Breast Cancer Trial. Acta Oncol 1992;31(2):271-274.
  96. Cummings FJ, Gray R, Tormey DC, Davis TE, Volk H, Harris J, Falkson G, Bennett JM. Adjuvant tamoxifen versus placebo in elderly women with node-positive breast cancer: long-term follow-up and causes of death. J Clin Oncol 1993;11(1):29-35.
  97. Fotiou S, Hatjeleftheriou G, Kyrousis G, Kokka F, Apostolikas N. Long-term tamoxifen treatment: a possible aetiological factor in the development of uterine carcinosarcoma: two case-reports and review of the literature. Anticancer Res 2000 May;20(3B):2015-2020.
  98. Cohen R, Perel E, Flex E, Tepper R, Altaras MM, Cordoba M, Beyth Y. Endometrial pathologies in postmenopausal tamoxifen treatment: comparison between gynaecological symptomatic and gynaecological asymptomatic breast cancer patients. J Clin Pathol 1999 Apr;52(4):278-282.
  99. Cohen R, Azaria, J. Shapira, Yigael D, Tepper R. The significance of secondary ultrasonographic endometrial thickening in postmenopausal tamoxifen-treated women. Cancer 2002 Jun;94(12):3101-3106.
  100. El.bieta S, Tomasz K, Jacek J. The effects of tamoxifen on the female genital tract. Cancer Treat Rev 2004 May;30(3):291-301.
  101. Tamoxifen and uterine cancer. Committee Opinion No 601. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Obstet Gynecol 2014;123:1394-1397.
  102. Gerber B, Krause A, Muller H, Reimer T, Külz T, Makovitzky J, Kundt G, Friese K. Effects of adjuvant tamoxifen on the endometrium in postmenopausal women with breast cancer: a prospective long-term study using transvaginal ultrasound. J Clin Oncol 2000 Oct;18(20):3464-3470.
  103. Markovitch O, Tepper R, Aviram R, Fishman A, Shapira J, Cohen I. The value of sonohysterography in the prediction of endometrial pathologies in asymptomatic postmenopausal breast cancer tamoxifen-treated patients. Gynecol Oncol 2004 Sep;94(3):754-759.
  104. Berliere M, Radikov G, Galant C, Piette P, Marbaix E, Donnez J. Identification of women at high risk of developing endometrial cancer on tamoxifen. Eur J Cancer 2000 Sep;36(suppl 4): S35-S36.
  105. Vosse M, Renard F, Coibion M, Neven P, Nogaret JM, Hertens D. Endometrial disorders in 406 breast cancer patients on tamoxifen: the case for less intensive monitoring. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2002 Feb;101(1):58-63.
  106. Chalas E, Costantino JP, Wickerham DL, Wolmark N, Lewis GC, Bergman C, Runowicz CD. Benign gynecologic conditions among participants in the Breast Cancer Prevention Trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2005 Apr;192(4):1230-1237.
  107. Gallos ID, Shehmar M, Thangaratinam S, Papapostolou TK, Coomarasamy A, Gupta JK. Oral progestogens vs levonorgestrel releasingintrauterine system for endometrial hyperplasia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2010 Dec;203(6):547.e1-547.e10.
  108. Chan SS, Tam WH, Yeo W, Yu MMY, Ng DPS, Wong AWY, Kwan WH, Yuen PM. A randomised controlled trial of prophylactic levonorgestrel intrauterine system in tamoxifen-treated women. BJOG 2007 Dec;114(12):1510-1515.
  109. Gardner FJ, Konje JC, Bell SC, Abrams KR, Brown LJ, Taylor DJ, Habiba M. Prevention of tamoxifen induced endometrial polyps using a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterinesystem; long-term follow-up of a randomised control trial. Gynecol Oncol 2009 Sep;114(3):452-456.
  110. Dinger J, Bardenheuer K, Minh TD. Levonorgestrel-releasing and copper intrauterine devices and the risk of breast cancer. Contraception 2011 Mar;83(3):211-217.
  111. Stein RI, Leventhal M. Amenorrhea associated with bilateral polycystic ovaries. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1935;29:181-185.
  112. Fauser BC, Tarlatzis BC, Rebar RW, Legro RS, Balen AH, Lobo R, Carmina E, Chang J, Yildiz BO, Laven JS, et al. Consensus on women's health aspects of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): the Amsterdam ESHRE/ASRM-Sponsored 3rd PCOS Consensus Workshop Group. Fertil Steril 2012 Jan;97(1):28-38.e25
  113. Sirmans SM, Pate KA. Epidemiology, diagnosis and management of polycystic ovary syndrome. Clin Epidemiol 2014; 6:1-13.
  114. Fauser BC, Diedrich K, Bouchard P, Domínguez F, Matzuk M, Franks S, Hamamah S, Simón C, Devroey P, Ezcurra D, et al. Contemporary genetic technologies and female reproduction. Human Reproduction Update 2011 Nov;17(6):829-847.
  115. Balen A, Conway G, Kaltsas G. Polycystic ovary syndrome: the spectrum of the disorder in 1741 patients. Hum Reprod 1995 Aug;10(8):2107-2111.
  116. Azziz R, Sanchez L, Knochenhauer ES, Moran C, Lazenby J, Stephens KC, Taylor K, Boots LR. Androgen excess in women: experience with over 1000 consecutive patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004 Feb;89(2):453-462.
  117. Wild S, Pierpoint T, McKeigue P, Jacobs H. Cardiovascular disease in women with polycystic ovary syndrome at longterm follow-up: a retrospective cohort study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2000 May;52(5):595-600.
  118. Hollinrake E, Abreu A, Maifeld M, Van Voorhis BJ, Dokras A. Increased risk of depressive disorders in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril 2007 Jun;87(6): 1369-1376.
  119. Zawadski JK, Dunaif A. Diagnostic criteria for polycystic ovary syndrome. In: Givens JHF, Merriman G, editors. The polycystic ovary syndrome. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Scientific; 1992. p. 377-384.
  120. Rotterdam ESHRE/ASRM-Sponsored PCOS Consensus Workshop Group. Revised 2003 consensus on diagnostic criteria and long-term health risks related to polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril 2004 Jan;81(1):19-25.
  121. Azziz R, Carmina E, DeWailly D, Diamanti-Kandarakis E, Escobar-Morreale HF, Futterweit W, Janssen OE, Legro RS, Norman RJ, Taylor AE, et al. Position statement: criteria for defining polycystic ovary syndrome as a predominantly hyperandrogenic syndrome: an Androgen Excess Society guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006 Nov;91(11):4237-4245.
  122. Lujan ME, Jarrett BY, Brooks ED, Reines JK, Peppin AK, Muhn N, Haider E, Pierson RA, Chizen DR. Updated ultrasound criteria for polycystic ovary syndrome: reliable thresholds for elevated follicle population and ovarian volume. Hum Reprod 2013 May;28(5):1361-1368.
  123. Badawy A, Elnashar A. Treatment options for polycystic ovary syndrome. Int J Womens Health 2011 Feb;3:25-35.
  124. ACOG Committee on Practice Bulletins—Gynecology. ACOG Practice Bulletin No 108: Polycystic ovary syndrome. Obstet Gynecol 2009 Oct;114(4):936-949.
  125. Thessaloniki ESHRE/ASRM-Sponsored PCOS Consensus Workshop Group Consensus on infertility treatment related to polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril 2008 Mar;89(3): 505-522.
  126. Balen AH. Ovulation induction in the management of anovulatory polycystic ovary syndrome. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013 Jul;373(1-2):77-82.
  127. Berridge DL, Winter TC. Saline infusion sonohysterography: technique, indications, and imaging findings. J Ultrasound Med 2004 Jan;23(1):97-112.
  128. Allison SJ, Horrow MM, Kim HY, Lev-Toaff AS. Salineinfused sonohysterography: tips for achieving greater success. Radiographics 2011 Nov-Dec;31(7):1991-2004.
  129. O'Neill MJ. Sonohysterography. Radiol Clin North Am 2003 Jul;41(4):781-797.
  130. Bonnamy L, Marret H, Perrotin F, Body G, Berger C, Lansac J. Sonohysterography: a prospective survey of results and complications in 81 patients. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2002 Apr;102(1):42-47.
  131. Lindheim SR, Adsuar N, Kushner DM, Pritts EA, Olive DL. Sonohysterography: a valuable tool in evaluating the female pelvis. Obstet Gynecol Surv 2003 Nov;58(11):770-784.
  132. Lindheim SR, Sprague C, Winter TC. Hysterosalpingography and sonohysterography: lessons in technique. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2006 Jan;186(1):24-29.
  133. Jeanty P, Besnard S, Arnold A, Turner C, Crum P. Air-contrast sonohysterography as a first step assessment of tubal patency. J Ultrasound Med 2000 Aug;19(8):519-527.
PDF Share
PDF Share

© Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) LTD.