Three-dimensional Sonography in the Evaluation of Normal and Abnormal Fetal Face
Asim Kurjak, Guillermo Azumendi Pérez
Keywords :
Identification of anomalies, Normal and abnormal fetal face, Three-dimensional fetal face reconstruction, Three-dimensional sonography
Citation Information :
Kurjak A, Pérez GA. Three-dimensional Sonography in the Evaluation of Normal and Abnormal Fetal Face. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2024; 18 (2):129-159.
Three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound offers the possibility of studying the fetal face in a more global way than conventional two-dimensional (2D) ultrasound. In normal cases, the images obtained help to transmit a feeling of calmness to the parents and reinforce the affective bonds with their child. In pathological cases, 3D ultrasound can help parents and other doctors involved to take a more realistic view of the problem. It is expected that the use of this technology will provide parents with the knowledge to have a better judgment while taking decisions.
Baba K, Okai T, Kozuma S, et al. Real-time processable three-dimensional US in obstetrics. Radiology 1997;203:571–574. DOI: 10.1148/radiology.203.2.9114124
Baba K, Okai T, Kozuma S. Real-time processable three-dimensional fetal ultrasound. Lancet 1996;348:1307. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(96)24045-0
Baba K, Satoh K, Sakamoto S, et al. Development of an ultrasonic system for three-dimensional reconstruction of the fetus. J Perinat Med 1989;17:19–24. DOI: 10.1515/jpme.1989.17.1.19
Bonilla-Musoles F, Machado L. Ultrasonidos y Reproduccion. Cuadernos de Medicina Reproductiva, No 2. Madrid: Panamericana Ed; 1999. p. 6.
Bonilla-Musoles F, Machado LE, Osborne NC. Ecograha tridimensional en Obstetricia en el nuevo milemo. Madrid: Marco Crafico; 2000.
Bonilla-Musoles F, Raga F, Blanes J, et al. Three-dimensional ultrasound in reproductive medicine: preliminary report. Hum Reprod Update 1995;1:4.
Bonilla-Musoles F, Raga F, Osborne N, et al. Ecografia tridimensional en Obstetncia y Ginecologia. Obstet Ginecol Espan 1994;3:233–250.
Campbell S. 4D, or not 4D: that is the question. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2002,19:1–4. DOI: 10.1046/j.0960-7692.2002.00625.x
Crane JP, LeFevre ML, Winborn RC, et al. A randomized trial of prenatal ultrasonographic screening: impact on the detection, management, and outcome of anomalous fetuses. The RADIUS Study Group. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1994;171:392–399. DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9378(94)70040-0
Demyer W, Zeman W, Palmer CG. The face predicts the brain: diagnostic significance of median facial anomalies for holoprosencephaly (arhinencephaly). Pediatrics 1964;34:256–263. PMID: 14211086.
Devonald KJ, Ellwood DA, Griffiths KA, et al. Volume imaging: three-dimensional appreciation of the fetal head and face. J Ultrasound Med 1995;12:919–925. DOI: 10.7863/jum.1995.14.12.919
Hata T, Yonehara T, Aoki S, et al. Three-dimensional sonographic visualization of the fetal face. Am J Roentgenol 1998;170:481–483. DOI: 10.2214/ajr.170.2.9456969
Hegge FN, Prescott CH, Watson PT. Fetal facial abnormalities identified during obstetric sonography. J Ultrasound Med 1986;5:679–688. DOI: 10.7863/jum.1986.5.12.679
Hepper PC, Shannon FA, Dornan JC. Sex differences in fetal mouth movements. Lancet 1997;350:1820. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)63635-5
Hohlfeld J. Le diagnostic prenatal des feintes labio-palatines. Med Foct Echographie Gynecol 1995;22:4–15.
Hull AD, Pretorius DH. Fetal face: what we can see using two-dimensional and three-dimensional ultrasound imaging. Semin Roentgenol 1998;33:369–374. DOI: 10.1016/s0037-198x(98)80044-8
Ji EK, Pretorius DH, Newton R, et al. Effects of ultrasound on maternal-fetal bonding: a comparison of two- and three-dimensional imaging. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2005;25:473–477. DOI: 10.1002/uog.189
Kelly IMC, Cardener JE, Brett AD, et al. Three-dimensional US of the fetus. Work in progress. Radiology 1994;192:253–259. DOI: 10.1148/radiology.192.1.8208948
Kelly IMC, Cardener JE, Lees WR. Three-dimensional fetal ultrasound. Lancet 1991;339:1062–1064. DOI: 10.1016/0140-6736(92)90591-p
Kozuma S, Baba K, Okai T, et al. Dynamic observation of the fetal face by three-dimensional ultrasound. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1999;13:283–284. PMID: 10341411.
Kozuma S, Okai T, Ryo E, et al. Differential developmental process of respective behavioral states in human fetuses. Am J Perinatol 1998;15:203–208. DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-993927
Kratochwil A. Versuch der 3dimensionalen Darstellung in der Geburtshilfe. Ultraschall Med 1992;13:183–186. DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-1005306
Kuno A, Akiyama M, Yamashiro C, et al. Three-dimensional sonographic assessment of fetal behavior in the early second trimester of pregnancy. J Ultrasound Med 2001;20:1271–1275. DOI: 10.7863/jum.2001.20.12.1271
Kuo HC, Chang FM, Wu CH, et al. The primary application of three-dimensional ultrasonography in obstetrics. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992;166:880–886. DOI: 10.1016/0002-9378(92)91355-e
Kurjak A, Azumendi G, Vecek N, et al. Fetal hand movements and facial expression in normal pregnancy studied by four-dimensional sonography. J Perinat Med 2003;31:496–508. DOI: 10.1515/JPM.2003.076
Kurjak A, Stanojevic M, Andonotopo W, et al. Behavioral pattern continuity from prenatal to postnatal life–a study by four-dimensional (4D) ultrasonography. J Perinat Med 2004;32:346–353. DOI: 10.1515/JPM.2004.065
Kurjak A, Vecek N, Hafner T, et al. Prenatal diagnosis: what does four-dimensional ultrasound add? J Perinat Med 2002;30:57–62. DOI: 10.1515/JPM.2002.008
Kurjak A, Vecek N, Kupesic S, et al. Four-dimensional sonography: how much does it improve perinatal practice. In: Carrera JM, Kurjak A, Chervenak FA (Eds). Controversies in Perinatal Medicine. London: Parthenon Publishing; 2003.
Lee A, Deutinger J, Bernaschek C. Three dimensional ultrasound: abnormalities of the fetal face in surface and volume rendering mode. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1995;102:302–306. DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1995.tb09136.x
Lee A. Four-dimensional ultrasound in prenatal diagnosis: leading edge in imaging technology. Ultrasound Rev Obstet Gynecol 2001;1:194–198. DOI: 10.3109/14722240108500433
Lees WR, Gardener JE, Gilliams A. Three-dimensional US of the fetus. Radiology 1991;181:131–132.
Levaillant JM, Benoit B, Bady J, et al. Echographie tridimensionelle apport technique et clinique en echographie obstetricale. Reprod Humaine Hormone 1995;3:341–347.
Ludomirski A, Khandelwal M, Uerpairojkit B, et al. Three-dimensional ultrasound evaluation of fetal facial and spinal anatomy. Am J Obstets Gynecol 1996;174:318.
Ludomirski A, Ucrpairojkit B, Whiteman VE, et al. New technology in three-dimensional obstetrical ultrasonography: technique, advantages, and limitations. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996;174:328.
Maier B, Steiner II, Wienerroither H, et al. The psychological impact of three-dimensional fetal imaging on the fetomaternal relationship. In: Baba K, Jurkovic D (Eds). Three-dimensional Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. Lancaster: Parthenon Publishing; 1997. pp. 67–74.
Manabe A, Hata T, Aoki S, et al. Three-dimensional sonographic visualization of fetal facial anomaly. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1999;78:917–918.
Merz E, Bahlmann F, Weber C, et al. Three-dimensional ultrasonography in prenatal diagnosis. J Perinat Med 1995;23:213–222. DOI: 10.1515/jpme.1995.23.3.213
Merz E, Bahlmann F, Weber C. Volume scanning in the evaluation of fetal malformations: a new dimension in prenatal diagnosis. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1995;5:222–227. DOI: 10.1046/j.1469-0705.1995.05040222.x
Merz E, Weber C, Bahlmann F, et al. Application of transvaginal and abdominal three-dimensional ultrasound for the detection or exclusion of malformations of the fetal face. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1997;9:237–243. DOI: 10.1046/j.1469-0705.1997.09040237.x
Merz E, Weber G, Bahlmann AF, et al. Transvaginale 3D-Sonographie in der Gynaekologie. Gynaekologe 1995;28:270–275. PMID: 7557632.
Merz E. 3-D Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 1998.
Merz E. Einsatz der 3D-Ultraschalltechnik in der pranatalen Diagnostik. Ultraschall Med 1995;16:154–161. DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-1003931
Merz E. Three-dimensional ultrasound in the evaluation of fetal anatomy and fetal malformations. In: Chervenak FA, Kurjak A (Eds). Current Perspectives on the Fetus as a Patient. London: Parthenon Publishing; 1996. pp. 75–87.
Mueller CM, Weiner CE, Yankowitz J. Three-dimensional ultrasound in the evaluation of fetal head and spine anomalies. Obstet Gynecol 1996;88:372–378. DOI: 10.1016/0029-7844(96)00207-4
Nelson TR, Downey DB, Pretorius DH, et al. Ecografia 3D en Obstetrida en Ecografia 3D. Madrid: Marban; 2000.
Nelson TR, Pretorius DH. Three-dimensional ultrasound of fetal surface features. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1992;2:166–174. DOI: 10.1046/j.1469-0705.1992.02030166.x
Pretorius DH, House M, Nelson TR, et al. Evaluation of normal and abnormal lips in fetuses: comparison between three- and two-dimensional sonography. Am J Roentgenol 1995;165:1233–1237. DOI: 10.2214/ajr.165.5.7572510
Pretorius DH, Johnson DD, Budonck NE, et al. Three-dimensional ultrasound of the fetal lip and palate. Radiology 1997;205:245.
Pretorius DH, Nelson TR, Jaffe JS. Three-dimensional US of the fetus. Radiology 1990;177:194.
Pretorius DH, Nelson TR. Fetal face visualization using three-dimensional ultrasonography. J Ultrasound Med 1995;14:349–356. DOI: 10.7863/jum.1995.14.5.349
Pretorius DH, Nelson TR. Prenatal visualization of cranial sutures and fontanelles with three-dimensional ultrasonography. J Ultrasound Med 1994;13:871–876. DOI: 10.7863/jum.1994.13.11.871
Pretorius DH, Nelson TR. Three-dimensional ultrasound imaging in patient diagnosis and management: the future. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1991;1:381–383. DOI: 10.1046/j.1469-0705.1991.01060381.x
Pretorius DH, Richards RD, Budorick NE, et al. Three-dimensional ultrasound in the evaluation of fetal anomalies. Radiology 1997;205:245.
Pretorius DH. Maternal smoking habit modification via fetal visualization. University of California Tobacco Related Disease Research Program. Annual Report to the California State Legislature; 1996. p. 76.
Roodenburg PJ, Wladimiroff JW, van Es A, et al. Classification and quantitative aspects of fetal movements during the second half of normal pregnancy. Early Hum Dev 1991;25:19–35. DOI: 10.1016/0378-3782(91)90203-f
Schart A, Chazwiny MF, Steinbom A, et al. Evaluation of two-dimensional versus three-dimensional ultrasound in obstetric diagnostics: a prospective study. Fetal Diagn Ther 2001;16:333–341. DOI: 10.1159/000053937
Steiner H, Merz E, Staudach A. Three-dimensional fetal facing. Hum Reprod Update 1995;1:6.
Ulm MR, Kratochwil A, Ulm B, et al. Three-dimensional ultrasound evaluation of fetal tooth germs. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1998;12:240–243. DOI: 10.1046/j.1469-0705.1998.12040240.x