Donald School Journal of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology

Register      Login

VOLUME 10 , ISSUE 1 ( January-March, 2016 ) > List of Articles

REVIEW ARTICLE

Structural Umbilical Cord and Placental Abnormalities

Marguerite Lisa Bartholomew, Autumn J Broady

Keywords : Abnormal umbilical cord insertions,Circumvallate placenta,Single umbilical artery,Umbilical cord coiling,Vasa previa

Citation Information : Bartholomew ML, Broady AJ. Structural Umbilical Cord and Placental Abnormalities. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2016; 10 (1):23-36.

DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10009-1439

License: CC BY-NC 4.0

Published Online: 01-09-2016

Copyright Statement:  Copyright © 2016; The Author(s).


Abstract

How to cite this article

Broady AJ, Bartholomew ML. Structural Umbilical Cord and Placental Abnormalities. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2016;10(1):23-36.


PDF Share
  1. Velamentous insertion of the umbilical cord. Obstet Gynecol 1980;56:737-742.
  2. Ultrasonography in Obstetrics and Gynecology. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2008.
  3. Prevalence, risk factors and outcomes of velamentous and marginal cord insertions: a population-based study of 634,741 pregnancies. PLOSOne 2013;(87):e70380.
  4. Ultrasound of the placenta and umbilical cord: a review. Ultrasound Quarterly 2011;27: 187-197.
  5. Sonographic evaluation of the placental cord insertion. AJR 1998;170:1295-1298.
  6. Sonographic prenatal diagnosis of marginal placental cord insertion. J Ultrasound Med 2002;21:627-632.
  7. In vitro fertilization is a risk factor for vasa previa. Fertil Steril 2002;78(3):642-643.
  8. Morphological anomalies in the placentae of IVF pregnancies: preliminary report of a multicentric study. Human Reprod 1987;2(2): 155-157.
  9. Placental findings in singleton stillbirths. Obstet Gynecol 2014;123(2):325-336.
  10. Clinical significance and sonographic diagnosis of velamentous umbilical cord insertion. Am J Perinatol 1992; 9(2):123-126.
  11. Sarrikoski S. Reproductive risk factors, Doppler findings and outcome of affected births in placental abruption: a population-based analysis. Am J Perinatol 2002;19(8):451-459.
  12. Risk factors and adverse pregnancy outcomes among births affected by velamentous umbilical cord insertion: a retrospective population-based register study. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. Risk factors and adverse pregnancy outcomes among births affected by velamentous umbilical cord insertion: a retrospective population-based register study. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2012;165:231-234.
  13. AIUM practice guideline for the performance of obstetric ultrasound examinations. J Ultrasound Med 2013;32:1083-1101.
  14. Picture of the Month: velamentous insertion of the cord in the first trimester. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2000;16:498-499.
  15. Cord insertion into the lower third of the uterus in the first trimester is associated with placental and umbilical cord abnormalities. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2006;28:183-186.
  16. Placental cord insertion visualization with pernal ultrasonography. J Ultrasound Med 1996;15: 585-593.
  17. Prenatal detection of velamentous insertion of the umbilical cord: a prospective color Doppler ultrasound study. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2003;21:564-569.
  18. Antenatal diagnosis of velamentous umbilical cord insertion and vasa previa with color Doppler imaging. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1998; 12:426-429.
  19. Velamentous cord insertion into the lower third of the uterus is associated with intrapartum fetal heart rate abnormalities. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2006;27:425-429.
  20. The ‘mangrove sign’ for velamentous cord insertion. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2012; 40:241-242.
  21. Velamentous insertion of the cord in early pregnancy. AJOG 1965;93:276-281.
  22. Atypical variable deceleration in the first stage of labor is a characteristic fetal heart-rate pattern for velamentous cord insertion and hypercoiled cord. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2009;35(1):35-39.
  23. Placental findings in singleton stillbirths. Obstet Gynecol 2014;123(2):325-336.
  24. The relationship between some disorders of the umbilical cord and intrauterine growth restriction. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand Suppl 1978;72:15-21.
  25. Umbilical cord complications are associated with placental lesions of circulatory stasis and fetal hypoxia. Pediatric and Developmental Pathology 2012; 15:487-494.
  26. Perinatal diagnostic evaluation of velamentous umbilical cord insertion: clinical Doppler and ultrasonic findings. Obstet Gynecol 1996; 87:112-117.
  27. Velamentous cord insertion: significance of prenatal detection to predict perinatal complications. Taiwanese J Obstet Gynecol 2006;45(1):21-25.
  28. Vascular anomalies of the umbilical cord. II. Perinatal and pediatric complications. Early Hum Dev 1983; 8:279-287.
  29. The nature of structural defects associated with velamentous and marginal insertions of the umbilical cord. AJOG 1983;146(2):191-193.
  30. Placentas of small-fordates infants: A small controlled series from Mexico City, Mexico. AJOG 1984;149(7):731-736.
  31. The site of umbilical cord insertion and birth weight. BJOG 1978;85:332-333.
  32. Peripheral insertion of the umbilical cord. Ped Dev Pathol 2013;16:399:404.
  33. Marginal insertion of the cord and premature labor. AJOG 1953;65:1305-1312.
  34. Centrality of the umbilical cord insertion in a human placenta influences the placental efficiency. Placenta 2009;30: 1058-1064.
  35. The umbilical cord: obstetrically important lesions. Clin Obstet Gynecol 1996;39(3):571-587.
  36. In: UpToDate, Post TW (Ed), UpToDate, Waltham, MA. (Accessed on August 24th, 2015.)
  37. Abnormal placentation: placenta previa, vasa previa and placenta accreta. Obstet Gynecol 2015;126:654-668.
  38. Vasa previa: an avoidable tragedy. Obstet Gynecol Surv 1999;54(2):138-145.
  39. Vasa previa: clinical presentations, outcomes and implications for management. Obstet Gynecol 2013;122:352-357.
  40. Natural history of vasa previa across gestation using a screening protocol. J Ultrasound Med 2014;33:141-147.
  41. SMFM Consult Series #37: Diagnosis and management of vasa previa. AJOG 2015 Aug 18. pii: S0002-9378(15)00897-2. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2015.08.031. [Epub ahead of print].
  42. Sonographic diagnosis of vasa previa: ultrasound findings and obstetric outcome in ten cases. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2001;18:109-115.
  43. Strategy for reducing the mortality rate from vasa previa using transvaginal sonography with color Doppler. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1998;12:434-438.
  44. Vasa previa: prenatal detection by three-dimensional ultrasonography. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2000;16:384-387.
  45. Second trimester low-lying placental and in-vitro fertilization? Exclude vasa previa. J Matern Fetal Med 2000;9(6):370-372.
  46. Vasa Praevia. Aust. NZ J Obstet Gynaec 1972;12:206-209.
  47. Fertil Steril 2002;78(3):642-643.
  48. Analysis of the ultrasonographic findings predictive of vasa previa. Prenat Diagn 2010;30:1121-1125.
  49. Prenatal diagnosis and management of vasa previa: A 6-year review. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2011;37(10):1391-1396.
  50. Prediction of risk for vasa previa at 9-13 weeks’ gestation. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2011;37(10):1346-1351.
  51. Diagnosis of vasa previa with ultrasonography. Obstet Gynecol 1987;69:488-491.
  52. Vasa previa. J Clin Ultrasound 1988;16:346-348.
  53. Color flow Doppler—a useful instrument in the diagnosis of vasa previa. AJOG 1990;163:1566-1568.
  54. Diagnosis of vasa previa with transvaginal and color flow Doppler ultrasound. Obstet Gynecol 1990;76:506-509.
  55. Antenatal diagnosis of vasa previa by color-flow mapping. J Ultrasound Med 1991;10:397-399.
  56. Vasa previa: prenatal diagnosis with transvaginal color Doppler flow imaging. AJOG 1993;169:1627-1629.
  57. Antenatal diagnosis of vasa previa by transvaginal color Doppler sonography. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1993;3:276-278.
  58. An accurate antenatal diagnosis of vasa previa with transvaginal color Doppler ultrasonography. AJOG 1994;171:265-267.
  59. Role of color flow Doppler ultrasonography in diagnosing velamentous insertion of the umbilical cord and vasa previa. J Reprod Med 1995;40(11):804-808.
  60. Prenatal diagnosis of vasa previa with transvaginal color Doppler ultrasound. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1996;8(2):139-141.
  61. Diagnosis of vasa previa with ultrasound and color flow Doppler: a case report. Nebr Med J 1996;81(7):191-193.
  62. Vasa previa: prenatal diagnosis by transperineal sonography with Doppler evaluation. J Clin Ultrasound 1998;26:405-408.
  63. Vasa previa: the impact of prenatal diagnosis on outcomes. 2004; Obstet Gynecol 2004; 193:937-942.
  64. Vasa previa: prenatal diagnosis and evaluation with 3-dimensional sonography and power angiography. J Ultrasound Med 2005;24:721-724.
  65. Two cases of vasa previa diagnosed prenatally using three-dimensional ultrasonography. J Clin Ultrasound 2010;38:389-392.
  66. Vasa previa is not infrequent. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2012;25(12):2795-2796.
  67. Systematic review of accuracy of ultrasound in the diagnosis of vasa previa. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2015; 45:516-522.
  68. Vasa previa: report of 3 cases. Obstet Gynecol 1965;26:561-565.
  69. A non-hemorrhagic manifestation of vasa previa: a clinicopathologic case report. Obstet Gyneol 1993; 82(4 Pt 2 Suppl):698-700.
  70. Vasa praevia—report of three cases and review of literature. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1987;94(7):712-715.
  71. Poor perinatal outcome associated with vasa previa: is it preventable? A report of three cases and review of the literature. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1998;12:430-433.
  72. Association of vasa previa at delivery with a history of second-trimester placenta previa. J Reprod Med 2003;48:771-774.
  73. Diagnostic Imaging Committee; Maternal Fetal Medicine Committee. SOGC Clinical Practice Guideline: guidelines for the management of vasa previa. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2010;108:85-89.
  74. Green-top Guideline No 27: Placenta praevia, placenta praevia accreta, and vasa praevia: diagnosis and management. 2011.
  75. Is neonatal risk from vasa previa preventable? The 20-year experience from a single medical center. J Clin Ultrasound 2010;38:118-122.
  76. Moore TR, Greene MF. Maternal-Fetal Medicine. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier, 2014.
  77. Management of vasa previa: a potential role for cervical length and quantitative fetal fibronectin measurement. J Obstet Gynecol 2013;33(8): 905-906.
  78. Abnormal placentation: evidence-based diagnosis and management of placenta previa, placenta accreta, and vasa previa. Obstet Gynecol Surv 2012;67(8):503-519.
  79. Placenta previa, placenta accreta and vasa previa. Obstet Gynecol 2006;107:927-941.
  80. Effectiveness of timing strategies for delivery of individuals with vasa previa. Obstet Gynecol 2011;117:542-549.
  81. Vasa previa. J Prenat Med 2007;1(1):2-13.
  82. Accuracy of prenatal sonography for detecting circumvallate placenta. AJR 1997;168:1603-1608.
  83. Abnormal membranes in obstetrical ultrasound: incidence and significant of amniotic sheets and circumvallate placenta. 1993;3:249-255.
  84. Circumvallate placenta: its clinical significance. Nebr State Med J 1956;41(3):85-87.
  85. Circumvallate placenta, a cause of antepartum bleeding, premature delivery and perinatal mortality. Obstet Gynecol 1963;22(6):798-802.
  86. Circumvallate placenta and intrauterine growth restriction. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand Suppl 1978;72:11-14.
  87. Circumvallate placenta. AJOG 1953;65(3):491-497.
  88. Clinical significance of circumvallate placenta. Obstet Gynecol 1967;29(6):774-778.
  89. Circumvallate placenta. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Emp 1955;62(6):899-900.
  90. Incidence of pregnancies with circumvallate placenta. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2008;34(1):51-54.
  91. Circumvallate placenta: associated clinical manifestations and complications—a retrospective study. Obstet Gynecol Int 2014. doi: 10.1155/2014/986230. Epub 2014 Nov 13.
  92. The syndrome of chronic abruption placentae, hydrorrhea and circumvallate placenta. AJOG 1973;116(3):347-350.
  93. Risk factors for postpartum hemorrhage: can we explain the recent temporal increase? J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2011;33(8): 810-819.
  94. The clinical significance of marginal and velamentous insertion of the cord. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1977;84(12):941-943.
  95. Do fetal heart rate deceleration patterns during labor differ between various umbilical cord abnormalities? J Perinat Med 2009;37:276-280.
  96. Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy in newborns linked to placental and umbilical cord abnormalities. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2015 Jul 26:1-6. [Epub ahead of print].
  97. Third stage of labor risks in velamentous and marginal cord insertion: a population-based study. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2015;94:878-883.
  98. Velamentous insertion of the umbilical cord and vasa previa. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 1984;22:207-211.
  99. Placental abruption in the United States, 1979 through 2001: temporal trends and potential determinants. AJOG 2005;192:191-198.
  100. Risk factors and adverse pregnancy outcomes among births affected by velamentous umbilical cord insertion: a retrospective population-based study. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. Risk factors and adverse pregnancy outcomes among births affected by velamentous umbilical cord insertion: a retrospective population-based study. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2012;165(2):231-234.
  101. Single umbilical artery. A statistical analysis of 237 autopsy cases and review of the literature. Perspect Pediatr Pathol 1984;8(4):345-378.
  102. Prenatal diagnosis of single umbilical artery: determination of the absent side, associated anomalies, Doppler findings, and perinatal outcome. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2000;15 (2):114-117.
  103. Single Umbilical artery: does it matter which artery is missing? Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995;173 (3 part 1):728-732.
  104. The Pathology of the Human Placenta. Berlin: Springer-Verlag; 1974.
  105. Antenatal detection of a single umbilical artery: does it matter: Prenat Diagn 2003;23(2):117-123.
  106. The missing umbilical artery. I. Prospective study based on a maternity unit. Arch Dis Child 1974;49:844.
  107. Follow-up of infants with single umbilical artery. Pediatrics 1973;52:6.
  108. Isolated single umbilical artery anomaly and the risk for congenital malformations: a meta-analysis. J Pediatr Surg 1998;33(4): 580-585.
  109. Perinatal outcome following single umbilical artery diagnosis. J Matern Fetal Med 2001;10(1):59-63.
  110. Antenatal diagnosis of single umbilical artery: is fetal echocardiography warranted? Obstet Gynecol 2002;100 (5 part 1):903-908.
  111. Chromosomal abnormalities associated with a single umbilical artery. Prenat Diag 1992;12(11):965-968.
  112. Single umbilical artery. Prenatal detection of concurrent anomalies. J Ultrasound Med 1991;10(5):247-253.
  113. The clinical significance of a single umbilical artery as an isolated finding on prenatal ultrasound. Obstet Gynecol 1995; 85(4):570-572.
  114. Association of isolated single umbilical artery with small for gestational age and preterm birth Obstet Gyencol 2015;126(4):760-764.
  115. Adverse perinatal outcome in patients with an abnormal umbilical coiling index. Obstet Gynecol 1995;85:573-577.
  116. The umbilical coiling index. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1994;170:29-32.
  117. Umbilical coiling index in normal and complicated pregnancies. Obstet Gynecol 2006;107(5):1049-1055.
  118. Second-trimester Ultrasonographic assessment of the umbilical coiling index. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2002;20:458-463.
  119. An assessment of the umbilical cord coiling during the routine fetal sonographic anatomic survey in the second trimester. J Ultrasound Med 2005;2324:185-191.
  120. Ultrasound evaluation of abnormal umbilical cord coiling in second trimester of gestation in association with adverse pregnancy outcome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2005;193(2):387-394.
  121. Umbilical coiling index in normal and complicated pregnancies. Obstet Gynecol 2006;107(5):1049-1055.
PDF Share
PDF Share

© Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) LTD.